Nutritional supplement for use under physiologically stressful conditions

ABSTRACT

A nutritional supplement comprising a variety of vitamins and minerals is described. A nutritional supplement comprising between about 1 mg and about 5 mg of vitamin B 1 , between about 2 mg and about 8 mg of vitamin B 2 , between about 7 mg and about 30 mg of vitamin B 6 , between about 10 mcg and about 40 mcg of vitamin B 12 , between about 1 mg and about 4 mg of folic acid, between about 250 IU and about 900 IU of vitamin D 3 , between about 100 mg and about 400 mg of vitamin C, between about 20 IU and about 90 IUs of vitamin E, between about 0.5 mg and about 4 mg of copper, between about 20 mg and about 80 mg of zinc, between about 10 mg and about 70 mg of iron, and between about 100 mg and about 800 mg of omega-3 fatty acids is disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/053,073, filed Mar. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,263,137, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/197,760, filed Aug. 4, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,500, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to nutritional supplements and in particular to nutritional supplements for use by women.

2. Description of the Related Art

Nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining good health, especially in women during child-bearing years. Prescription multi-vitamin/multi-mineral nutritional supplements are often needed for improving the nutritional status of women prior to conception, throughout pregnancy and in the postnatal period for both lactating and non-lactating mothers. Pregnancy and lactation are among the most nutritionally volatile and physiologically stressful periods in the lifetime of a woman.

Specifically, vitamin and mineral needs are almost universally increased during these natural processes. These increased needs are almost always due to elevated metabolic demand, increased plasma volume, increased levels of blood cells, decreased concentrations of nutrients, and decreased concentrations of nutrient-binding proteins.

Research has suggested that optimizing specific nutrients before, during and after physiological processes of pregnancy and lactation can have a profound, positive and comprehensive impact upon the overall wellness of the mother and of the developing and newborn child, as well as the safety and health of the mother.

Thus, there is a need for a nutritional supplement to be used in improving the nutritional condition of women prior to conception, throughout pregnancy and in the postnatal period for both lactating and non-lactating mothers.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate to nutritional supplements for women during pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy in both lactating and non-lactating conditions. The nutritional supplement comprises a source of vitamin B₁, a source of vitamin B₂, a source of vitamin B₆, a source of vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, vitamin D₃, vitamin C, and vitamin E; a source of minerals including copper, magnesium, zinc and iron; and a source of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).

The nutritional supplement can be made in a variety of forms, including a pill, a tablet, a caplet, a capsule, a chewable tablet, a quick dissolve tablet, an effervescent tablet, a hard gelatin capsule, a soft gelatin capsule, a powder, a liquid suspension, a food product, and any other form feasible in the context of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize there are also other viable ways for delivering the nutritional supplement to a user.

In one embodiment, a nutritional supplement composition comprises between about 1 mg and about 5 mg of vitamin B₁, between about 2 mg and about 8 mg of vitamin B₂, between about 7 mg and about 30 mg of vitamin B₆, between about 10 mcg and about 40 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, between about 1 mg and about 4 mg of folic acid, between about 250 IU and about 900 IU of vitamin D₃, between about 100 mg and about 400 mg of vitamin C, between about 20 IU and about 90 IUs of vitamin E, between about 0.5 mg and about 4 mg of copper, between about 20 mg and about 80 mg of zinc, between about 10 mg and about 70 mg of iron, and between about 100 mg and about 800 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In another embodiment, a nutritional supplement composition comprises about 2 mg of vitamin B₁, about 3.4 mg of vitamin B₂, about 10 mg of vitamin B₆, about 15 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, about 1.25 mg of folic acid, about 400 IU of vitamin D₃, about 120 mg of vitamin C, about 30 IU of vitamin E, about 1 mg of copper, about 25 mg of zinc, about 28 mg of iron, and about 200 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In yet another embodiment, a method comprises the step of administering to an individual a composition comprising between about 2 mg and about 4 mg of vitamin B₁, between about 3.4 mg and about 6.8 mg of vitamin B₂, between about 10 mg and about 20 mg of vitamin B₆, between about 15 mcg and about 30 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, between about 1.25 mg and about 2.50 mg of folic acid, between about 400 IU and about 800 IU of vitamin D₃, between about 120 mg and about 240 mg of vitamin C, between about 30 IU and about 60 IUs of vitamin E, between about 1 mg and about 2 mg of copper, between about 25 mg and about 50 mg of zinc, between about 28 mg and about 56 mg of iron, and between about 200 mg and about 400 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is understood that the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the particular methodologies, protocols, solvents and reagents, and the like, described herein as they may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It must also be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a vitamin” is a reference to one or more vitamins and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Preferred methods, devices and materials are described, although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein could be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The term “disease state,” as used herein, may comprise any state in which one or more organs or components of an organism malfunction. The term “disease state” may refer to any deterioration of any component of a body. The term “disease state” may refer to any deficiency of any element, ion, molecule, atom, or compound necessary for the maintenance or function of any component of any organism. The term “disease state” may refer to any condition in which a body contains toxins, produced by microorganisms that infect the body or by body cells through faulty metabolism or absorbed from an external source.

The term “disease states” may be adverse states caused by any diet, any virus, or any bacteria. “Disease states” may comprise disorders associated with pregnant females such as, for example, osteomalacia and pre-eclampsia and disorders associated with a fetus such as, for example, neurotube defects and various fetal abnormalities. “Disease states” may comprise any pulmonary disorder such as, for example, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, atelectasis, pneumonia, diseases caused by inorganic dust, diseases caused by organic dust, any pulmonary fibrosis, and pleurisy. “Disease states” may comprise any hematological/oncological disorders such as, for example, anemia, hemophilia, leukemia, or lymphoma.

A “disease state” may comprise any cancer such as, for example, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the brain, cancer of the mouth, cancer of the throat, and cancer of the neck. “Disease states” may comprise any disorder of the immune system such as, for example, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related complex, infection by any strain of any Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and other viruses and pathogens such as bacteria.

A “disease state” may comprise any cardiovascular disorders such as, for example, arterial hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, arteriolosclerosis, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, any arrhythmia, any valvular heart disease, endocarditis, pericardial disease, any cardiac tumor, any aneurism, and any peripheral vascular disorder. “Disease states” may comprise any hepatic/biliary disorders such as, for example, jaundice, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, any hepatic granuloma, any liver tumor, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis.

The term “physiologically stressful state,” as used herein, comprises any state of an organism in which the organism faces one or more physiological challenges. A “physiologically stressful state” may comprise pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation, or conditions in which an organism faces physiological challenges related to for example, elevated metabolic demand, increased plasma volume, or decreased concentrations of nutrient-binding proteins. A “physiologically stressful state” may result from one or more disease states.

The term “subject” as used herein comprises any and all organisms and includes the term “patient.” “Subject” may refer to a human or any other animal. “Subject” may also refer to a fetus.

Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining health and preventing diseases. Adequate nutrition is especially critical during, for example, nutritionally volatile or physiologically stressful periods, such as periods comprising pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation, or a disease state. Vitamin and mineral needs are almost universally increased throughout these periods. Increased needs during physiologically stressful states such as pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or lactation, for example, may result from elevated metabolic demand, increased plasma volume, increased quantities of circulating red blood cells, decreased concentrations of nutrients, and decreased concentrations of nutrient-binding proteins, such as serum ferritin, maltose-binding protein, lactoferrin, calmodulin, tocopheryl binding protein, riboflavin binding protein, retinal binding protein, transferrin, high density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1, folic acid binding protein, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D binding protein.

In one embodiment, the nutritional supplement comprises between about 0.5 mg and about 5 mg of vitamin B₁, between about 1.0 mg and about 10 mg of vitamin B₂, between about 5 mg and about 50 mg of vitamin B₆, between about 5 mcg and about 50 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, between about 0.5 mg and about 5.0 mg of folic acid, between about 100 IU and about 1,000 IU of vitamin D₃, between about 50 mg and about 500 mg of vitamin C, between about 10 IU and about 100 IUs of vitamin E, between about 0.25 mg and about 5 mg of copper, between about 10 mg and about 100 mg of zinc, between about 5 mg and about 75 mg of iron, and between about 50 mg and about 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In one embodiment, the nutritional supplement composition comprises between about 1 mg and about 5 mg of vitamin Bi, between about 2 mg and about 8 mg of vitamin B₂, between about 7 mg and about 30 mg of vitamin B₆, between about 10 mcg and about 40 mcg of vitamin B12, between about 1 mg and about 4 mg of folic acid, between about 250 IU and about 900 IU of vitamin D₃, between about 100 mg and about 400 mg of vitamin C, between about 20 IU and about 90 IUs of vitamin E, between about 0.5 mg and about 4 mg of copper, between about 20 mg and about 80 mg of zinc, between about 10 mg and about 70 mg of iron, and between about 100 mg and about 800 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In another embodiment, the nutritional supplement comprises between about 2 mg and about 4 mg of vitamin B1, between about 3.4 mg and about 6.8 mg of vitamin B₂, between about 10 mg and about 20 mg of vitamin B6, between about 15 mcg and about 30 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, between about 1.25 mg and about 2.50 mg of folic acid, between about 400 IU and about 800 IU of vitamin D3, between about 120 mg and about 240 mg of vitamin C, between about 30 IU and about 60 IUs of vitamin E, between about 1 mg and about 2 mg of copper, between about 25 mg and about 50 mg of zinc, between about 28 mg and about 56 mg of iron, and between about 200 mg and about 400 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In yet another embodiment, the nutritional supplement comprises about 2 mg of vitamin B₁, about 3.4 mg of vitamin B₂, about 10 mg of vitamin B₆, about 15 mcg of vitamin B₁₂, about 1.25 mg of folic acid, about 400 IU of vitamin D₃, about 120 mg of vitamin C, about 30 IU of vitamin E, about 1 mg of copper, about 25 mg of zinc, about 28 mg of iron, and about 200 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

In another embodiment the inactive ingredients include croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, silica, povidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, titanium dioxide, and FD&C red number 40.

The nutritional supplement can be made in a variety of forms, such as pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., tablet, powder, suspension, liquid, capsule, and gel), nutritional beverages, puddings, confections (e.g., candy), ice cream, frozen confections and novelties or non-baked, extruded food products such as bars.

In another embodiment, the ingredients of the nutritional supplement can be administered separately, just by incorporating certain components (e.g., bitter tasting ones) into a capsule or tablet and the remaining ingredients provided as a powder or nutritional bar. One form of a nutritional supplement tablet comprises a multi-vitamin/mineral with iron, specially formulated for women during pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy and during post-pregnancy. The nutritional supplement can be formulated for single or multiple daily administration, preferably one bisected tablet daily or as otherwise prescribed by a physician.

The embodiments of the present invention further pertain to therapeutic methods for managing nutrition of women during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and post-pregnancy. The nutritional supplement can be administered to a woman to mitigate nutritional deficiencies and increase the healthiness of an unborn, a newborn, and/or the mother.

Vitamin A is a family of fat-soluble compounds that play an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, and cellular differentiation (the process whereby a non-specialized cell acquires a specialized function, such as becoming a lung cell, brain cell, blood cell, etc.). Vitamin A helps regulate the immune system, which helps prevent and fight off infections by making white blood cells that destroy harmful bacteria and viruses. Vitamin A also may help lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, to fight infections more effectively. Vitamin A promotes healthy surface linings of the eyes and the respiratory, urinary, and intestinal tracts. When those linings break down, it becomes easier for bacteria to enter the body and cause infection. Vitamin A also helps to maintain the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, which also function as a barrier to bacteria and viruses.

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble group of vitamins, is a group of antioxidants involved in the metabolism of all cells. Vitamin E protects vitamin A and essential fatty acids from oxidation in the body cells and prevents breakdown of body tissues. Vitamers of vitamin E include tocopherols and tocotrienols.

Vitamin D₃, also known as cholecalciferol, is a naturally-occurring bodily substance that many believe exert a protective effect in multiple sclerosis—both in the development of the disease and in limiting its progression. It is naturally produced in the skin in response to sunlight, but is also present in certain foodstuffs (particularly oily fish). Vitamin D₃ is structurally similar to members of the steroid family and, among other things, is a powerful mediator of immune function.

Vitamin D₃ is best known for its effects on calcium metabolism. Proper levels are necessary to maintain bone mineral density and serum (blood plasma) calcium levels. This is especially true among the very young where it is used to treat rickets, and utilized in combination with vitamin A for the treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly, particularly post-menopausal women who are often subject to fractures due to loss of bone density.

In studies, vitamin D₃ has been found helpful against autoimmunity for the downregulation of Th1 and upregulation of Th2 cells. It has also been shown to regulate the neurotrophins NGF (nerve growth factor), NT-3 (neurotrophin-3) and NT-4 (neurotrophin-4). In addition, vitamin D₃ has also been found to promote cellular differentiation, and cell death in neuroblastoma (brain tumor) cell lines, as well as in cancers in general.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble, antioxidant vitamin. It is important in forming collagen, a protein that gives structure to bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels. Vitamin C also aids in the absorption of iron, and helps maintain healthy capillaries, bones, and teeth. As a water-soluble antioxidant, vitamin C is in a unique position to “scavenge” aqueous peroxyl radicals before these destructive substances have a chance to damage lipids. It works along with vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant, and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase to stop free radical chain reactions. Vitamin C can enhance the body's resistance to an assortment of diseases, including infectious diseases and many types of cancer. It strengthens and protects the immune system by stimulating the activity of antibodies and immune system cells such as phagocytes and neutrophils. Vitamin C also contributes to a variety of other biochemical functions. These include the biosynthesis of the amino acid carnitine and the catecholamines that regulate the nervous system. It also helps the body to absorb iron and to break down histamine. Although vitamin C is found in every cell, it is especially useful in key parts of the body, including the blood, the skin, the nervous system, the teeth, the bones, and glands such as the thymus, adrenal glands and thyroid.

Vitamin B₁, also known as thiamine, helps to fuel your body by converting blood sugar into energy. It keeps the mucous membranes healthy and is essential for nervous system, cardiovascular and muscular function. Vitamin B₁ is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates to produce energy, and for normal nerve and heart function.

Vitamin B₃, also known as niacin, is required for cell respiration, helps in the release of energy and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, proper circulation and healthy skin, functioning of the nervous system, and normal secretion of bile and stomach fluids. It is also used in the synthesis of sex hormones, treatment of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, and as a memory enhancer. Niacin, given in a pharmaceutical dosage, improves the blood cholesterol profile, and has been used to clear the body of organic poisons, such as certain insecticides.

Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin in the B-complex group; it is also known as vitamin B₉. Folic acid works in conjunction with vitamin B₁₂and vitamin C to help the body to digest and utilize proteins, and to synthesize new proteins when required. It is necessary for the production of red blood cells and for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Folic acid also promotes tissue growth and normal cell function. In addition, it helps to increase appetite when needed, and stimulates the formation of digestive acids. Folic acid supplements may be used in the treatment of disorders associated with folic acid deficiency, and may also be part of the recommended treatment for certain menstrual problems and leg ulcers.

Vitamin B₆ is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It performs a wide variety of functions in the body and is essential for good health. For example, vitamin B₆ is needed to produce pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, which is a cofactor for metabolism in a great number of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions. It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism. The nervous and immune systems need vitamin B₆ to function efficiently, and it is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

The body needs vitamin B₆ to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found within red blood cells which carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body. Vitamin B₆ also helps increase the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin. A vitamin B₆ deficiency can result in a form of anemia that is similar to iron deficiency anemia.

Vitamin B₆ also helps maintain your blood glucose (sugar) level within a normal range. When caloric intake is low, your body needs vitamin B₆ to help convert stored carbohydrates or other nutrients to glucose in order to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Vitamin B₁₂, a water-soluble vitamin, helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. It is also needed to help make DNA, the genetic material found in all cells. Vitamers of vitamin B₁₂ include cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and adenosylcobalamin, the root of which terms (i.e., “cobalamin”) so named because they contain the metal cobalt.

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body and is essential to good health. Approximately 50% of total body magnesium is found in the bones. The other half is found predominantly inside cells of body tissues and organs. Only 1% of magnesium is found in blood, but the body works very hard to keep blood levels of magnesium constant. Magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong. Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is known to be involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Magnesium may also play a role in preventing and managing disorders such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Zinc is vital for the healthy working of many of the body's systems. Zinc plays a crucial role in cell growth and cell division, where it is required for protein and DNA synthesis, in insulin activity, in the metabolism of the ovaries and testes, and in liver function. As a component of many enzymes, zinc is involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and in the production of energy. Zinc helps with the healing of wounds and is a vital component of many enzymatic reactions. It is also important for healthy skin and is essential for a healthy immune system and resistance to infection.

Iron is an essential nutrient that carries oxygen and forms part of the oxygen-carrying proteins, hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. Iron is also a structural component at the catalytic site of a large number of enzymes covering a wide array of diverse metabolic functions. These include neurotransmitter synthesis and function, phagocyte antimicrobial activity, hepatic detoxification systems, and synthesis of DNA, collagen and bile acids.

Copper is needed for normal growth and health. Copper is also needed to help the body use iron. It is also important for nerve function, bone growth, and to help the body use sugar.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a class of polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential to healthy growth both in children and adults. Recent research has also shown that particular omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may play a significant role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been linked to lowering blood pressure and reducing levels of unhealthy triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Additionally, pregnant women who maintain healthy levels of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are shown to have a reduced risk of low birth weight and premature birth.

Further effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are currently under study. Many believe omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and EPA, in conjunction with omega-6 fatty acids, provide anti-inflammatory effects, which experts believe may lower the risk of ischemic and thrombotic stroke. Moreover, recent studies have shown that EPA and DHA have a significant effect on those with atherosclerosis, where those taking supplements of these omega-3 fatty acids experienced a significant decrease in thickness of the arteries, as well as increased blood flow.

In one embodiment, the nutritional supplement further comprises an additive, such as a dye. The additive may increase the aesthetic value of the nutritional composition, as well as provide a new functionality, either as an inert ingredient or as an active ingredient.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. 

1. A nutritional supplement composition comprising: between about 1 mg and about 5 mg of vitamin B₁; between about 2 mg and about 8 mg of vitamin B₂; between about 7 mg and about 30 mg of vitamin B₆; between about 10 mcg and about 40 mcg of vitamin B₁₂; between about 1 mg and about 4 mg of folic acid; between about 250 IU and about 900 IU of vitamin D₃; between about 100 mg and about 400 mg of vitamin C; between about 20 IU and about 90 IUs of vitamin E; between about 0.5 mg and about 4 mg of copper; between about 20 mg and about 80 mg of zinc; between about 10 mg and about 70 mg of iron; and between about 100 mg and about 800 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the single dosage formulation is selected from the group consisting of a pill, a tablet, a caplet, a capsule, a chewable tablet, a quick dissolve tablet, a powder, an effervescent tablet, a hard gelatin capsule, and a soft gelatin capsule.
 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises an enteric coating.
 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the single dosage formulation further comprises an additive.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein vitamin B₁₂ is in the form of cyanocobalamin.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein vitamin E is in the form of a tocopherol.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises a liquid suspension.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises a food product.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the omega-3 fatty acids comprise docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.
 10. A nutritional supplement composition comprising: about 2 mg of vitamin B₁; about 3.4 mg of vitamin B₂; about 10 mg of vitamin B₆; about 15 mcg of vitamin B₁₂; about 1.25 mg of folic acid; about 400 IU of vitamin D₃; about 120 mg of vitamin C; about 30 IU of vitamin E; about 1 mg of copper; about 25 mg of zinc; about 28 mg of iron; and about 200 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.
 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the single dosage formulation is selected from the group consisting of a pill, a tablet, a caplet, a capsule, a chewable tablet, a quick dissolve tablet, a powder, an effervescent tablet, a hard gelatin capsule, and a soft gelatin capsule.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the single dosage formulation further comprises an additive.
 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises an enteric coating.
 14. The composition of claim 10, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises a liquid suspension.
 15. The composition of claim 10, wherein the single dosage formulation comprises a food product.
 16. The composition of claim 10, wherein vitamin B₁₂ is in the form of cyanocobalamin.
 17. The composition of claim 10, wherein vitamin E is in the form of a tocopherol.
 18. The composition of claim 10, wherein the omega-3 fatty acids comprise docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.
 19. A method comprising the step of: administering to an individual a composition comprising: between about 2 mg and about 4 mg of vitamin B₁; between about 3.4 mg and about 6.8 mg of vitamin B₂; between about 10 mg and about 20 mg of vitamin B₆; between about 15 mcg and about 30 mcg of vitamin B₁₂; between about 1.25 mg and about 2.50 mg of folic acid; between about 400 IU and about 800 IU of vitamin D₃; between about 120 mg and about 240 mg of vitamin C; between about 30 IU and about 60 IUs of vitamin E; between about 1 mg and about 2 mg of copper; between about 25 mg and about 50 mg of zinc; between about 28 mg and about 56 mg of iron; and between about 200 mg and about 400 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the omega-3 fatty acids of the composition comprise docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. 